Name: Government Capital Infusion In Public Sector Banks
Creator: https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/en/analytics-banking
Published: 2022
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

From June 2022 to July 2025, IMPS, RuPay POS, and RuPay eCommerce transactions exhibited distinct trends. IMPS volumes remained strong throughout the period, starting at 1,412.14 million in June 2022, peaking at 1,624.81 million in June 2024, and then dropping sharply to 482.19 million by July 2025. \n This drop mirrors the mid-2025 decline seen in several other payment modes, possibly due to systemic changes or seasonal factors. \n RuPay POS transactions showed a gradual downward trend from 236.8 million in June 2022 to around 160 million by mid-2024, with minor rebounds in late 2024, before falling to 63.24 million in July 2025. \n RuPay eCommerce transactions also declined steadily from 121.27 million in June 2022 to around 58 million by mid-2025, suggesting a long-term shift in usage patterns, potentially due to competition from other cards or payment modes. \n Overall, while IMPS maintained resilience until 2024, RuPay card usage—both POS and eCom—faced a consistent volume contraction over the three-year period.

APBS is Aadhaar Payment Bridge System. It is a system that uses Aadhaar numbers to facilitate the electronic transfer of government subsidies and benefits to beneficiaries' bank accounts. While ACH stands for Automated Clearing House. It is a financial network that facilitates electronic fund transfers between banks. \n Between June 2022 and July 2025, transaction volumes across APBS Credit, ACH Debit, ACH Credit, and CTS Cheque Clearing displayed mixed trends. \n APBS Credit showed notable fluctuations, starting at 461.0 million in June 2022, peaking at 887.3 million in March 2025, and then dropping sharply to 270.5 million by July 2025. \n ACH Debit followed a steady growth path from 306.3 million in June 2022 to a high of 518.2 million in December 2024, before falling to 175.4 million in July 2025. ACH Credit experienced more volatility, starting at 461.4 million, dipping to 353.2 million in June 2023, recovering to 483.5 million in March 2023 and 469.9 million in March 2025, and then declining to 162.8 million in July 2025. \n CTS Cheque Clearing maintained relatively stable volumes early on, from 178.2 million in June 2022 to around 152 million in late 2024, but saw a steep decline to 49.5 million in July 2025. The sharp drops in all categories in mid-2025 suggest a common underlying factor, possibly seasonal slowdown, operational changes, or a shift towards alternate digital payment modes.

India has 23.17 crore investors registered till August 2025, reflecting the deepening penetration of financial markets across the country. The distribution shows a clear concentration in a few large states, but also interesting growth trends in smaller regions. \n Maharashtra (4.0 crore investors) leads by a huge margin, accounting for nearly 17% of all Indian investors. This reflects the state’s financial hub status (Mumbai, Pune) and higher financial literacy. Uttar Pradesh (2.56 crore investors) and Rajasthan (1.33 crore investors) show that investor participation is rising even in non-metro, traditionally agrarian economies. West Bengal (1.34 crore), Madhya Pradesh (1.18 crore), Tamil Nadu (1.18 crore), and Karnataka (1.23 crore) also show strong numbers, collectively representing the backbone of India’s retail investor base. \p Financial inclusion is widening: Even states traditionally seen as less urbanized (Bihar 99 lakh, UP 2.56 crore) are catching up with metros. Maharashtra’s dominance shows how urban, high-income states continue to lead adoption. \n Regional disparity remains: While large states cross the 1 crore investor mark, several Northeastern and UT regions struggle below 1 lakh. Future growth will likely come from Tier-2/3 cities in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Odisha, alongside efforts in the Northeast. \n India’s retail investor base is broadening, but participation is still uneven — heavily skewed towards a few large states. The next wave of growth will depend on digital outreach, literacy drives, and regional financial infrastructure.

Between June 2022 and July 2025, UPI transaction volumes saw an extraordinary growth trajectory, rising from 17.4 billion in June 2022 to a peak of 54.97 billion in June 2025 before a sharp seasonal or systemic dip to 19.47 billion in July 2025. This growth reflects UPI’s dominance as the primary digital payment channel in India. \n BHIM volumes, while much smaller in scale, remained relatively stable until FY 2023–24, after which they experienced a notable jump—crossing 200 million in June 2025—possibly due to targeted government promotions or feature upgrades. USSD 2.0 transactions stayed minimal throughout, with a slight uptick in mid-2023 but continued decline thereafter, highlighting limited adoption of mobile banking via @link-start USSD @link-end @url-start https://www.npci.org.in/what-we-do/99/product-overview @url-end (phone banking service of NPCI). \n UPI excluding BHIM and USSD closely mirrored overall UPI growth, confirming that third-party apps such as PhonePe, Google Pay, and Paytm remain the main drivers of transaction volumes. \n Overall, UPI’s sustained double-digit billion growth per quarter underscores its role as the backbone of India’s cashless economy, even as official apps like BHIM capture a modest share and USSD struggles to gain traction.

The National Financial Switch (NFS) ATM network, links nearly 50,000 ATMs, was transferred from the Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT) to @link-start NPCI @link-end @url-start https://www.npci.org.in @url-end in 2009. By 31 July 2025, it comprised 1,361 members — including 118 direct members, 1,197 sub-members, 41 regional rural banks (RRBs), and 5 white label ATM operators (WLAOs) — connected to 2.57 lakh ATMs, covering both cash deposit machines and recyclers. \n From June 2022 to July 2025, the overall NFS transaction volumes show a gradual downward trend. In June 2022, the volume was 1,013.77 million, but by July 2025 it had dropped sharply to 261.04 million. \n Cash Withdrawals from ATMs forms the bulk of NFS transactions with Volumes reduced from 965.58 million in June 2022 to 250.98 million in July 2025. \n The fall mirrors the overall NFS decline, indicating ATM cash withdrawals are the primary driver. \n Cash Withdrawals via Micro-ATMs (Card + PIN) Started at 47.61 million in June 2022 and fell to 9.46 million by July 2025, The drop is gradual but consistent, suggesting a shift away from micro-ATM withdrawals.

The Indian life insurance industry has demonstrated remarkable growth and resilience over the last decade, as evident from the expansion of Assets Under Management (AUM) across multiple segments. \n Between 2015 and 2024, the AUM of life insurance funds grew consistently, rising from INR 14,95,309.14 crore in March 2015 to an impressive INR 39,21,782.92 crore in March 2024. This nearly three-fold increase underscores the sustained trust of policyholders in long-term savings and protection instruments. \n Pension and general annuity funds, which form the backbone of retirement security in India, also showed robust growth, climbing from INR 3,89,472.57 crore in 2015 to INR 14,74,349.21 crore in 2024. The Unit Linked Insurance Plan (ULIP) segment, though more volatile due to its market-linked nature, has also seen substantial growth. This indicates renewed consumer confidence in hybrid products that combine insurance protection with wealth creation. \n The period from 2020 onwards highlights accelerated growth in AUM across all categories, driven largely by pandemic-induced risk awareness, rising digital adoption, and a preference for guaranteed and market-linked products. \n From 2021 to 2024, life insurance fund AUM alone expanded by over INR 10 lakh crore, showcasing the industry’s pivotal role in channeling household savings into long-term financial instruments. The pension and annuity segment too benefited from a rising middle class focused on securing post-retirement income, with its AUM increasing by nearly 42% between 2021 and 2024. \p ULIPs, once seen as risky by conservative investors, gained fresh traction during this period, reflecting both improving investor education and favorable equity market performance. A closer look at the trajectory also reveals that insurance as an investment and protection tool is steadily becoming a mainstream financial planning choice in India. \n The massive growth in AUM suggests not only rising policy sales but also improved persistency, meaning that customers are continuing their premium contributions over the long term. This strengthens the financial stability of insurers, enabling them to invest further in infrastructure, technology, and customer service. From a competitive perspective, private insurers have increasingly gained traction in the ULIP and pension segments, while the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) continues to dominate the traditional life insurance fund space. \n  Overall, the data from 2015 to 2024 paints a clear picture of sustained growth and maturity in India’s insurance industry, with life insurance funds, pension and annuity funds, and ULIPs all contributing to the expanding financial landscape.

There is a clear structural shift, between 2015 and 2024, from traditional individual agent–led coverage towards institutional and digital distribution models. In 2015, individual agents accounted for the bulk of lives covered at around 285.89 lakh lives, but this channel has been in steady decline, dropping to 247.24 lakh in 2024, reflecting both market saturation and the growing dominance of alternate distribution networks. At the same time, corporate agents, particularly banks, have emerged as the most powerful force. From a modest 69 lakh in 2015, bank-led coverage surged to over 704 lakh in 2024, highlighting how bancassurance has become the primary driver of insurance penetration, leveraging trust, distribution reach, and integrated financial product sales. Other corporate agents also showed sharp volatility, dipping in the middle years but recovering strongly to cover 455 lakh lives in 2024, suggesting renewed focus on institutional tie-ups and partnerships. \n The broker channel too grew steadily, expanding from just 57.94 lakh lives in 2015 to nearly 457 lakh lives in 2024, making it one of the fastest-growing segments, driven by professional advisory, regulatory support, and rising consumer awareness. On the other hand, direct selling has remained consistently large, though volatile, peaking in the mid-2010s, stabilizing at around 1343 lakh in 2024, and continuing to be a major contributor to overall lives covered. Interestingly, Micro-Insurance (MI) agents were almost negligible until 2020, but suddenly spiked to over 61 lakh in 2021, before settling at 79.5 lakh in 2024, showing targeted efforts in financial inclusion. \p Newer digital and alternative channels, such as web aggregators, IMF, online sales, and point-of-sale models, have remained small in absolute numbers but are strategically significant. Web aggregators and online channels, despite their limited reach (hovering around 1–3 lakh lives annually), play a growing role in urban digital-first customers and are critical for long-term scalability. Similarly, the IMF channel, though tiny, has grown consistently year-on-year, reflecting regulatory encouragement for diversified intermediary models. Common Service Centres (CSCs), which were expected to boost rural penetration, peaked early at over 75 lakh lives in 2020 but have since fallen to negligible levels, showing challenges in sustaining rural distribution through this model. \n Overall, the data reveals a transformation from agent-driven to institution-driven distribution, with bancassurance, brokers, and direct selling leading the charge, while digital platforms are slowly building their foundation. The long-term trend is clear: traditional agents are declining, institutional channels are dominating, and digital will be the next frontier. This shift reflects broader consumer preferences for convenience, trust in institutional networks, and regulatory efforts to diversify insurance penetration across India.

 Capital to Risk Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR), Net Profit and Government of India's Shareholding of Public Sector Banks (PSBs). CRAR  a key financial metric that measures a bank's capital in relation to its risk-weighted assets. It indicates whether a bank has enough capital to absorb potential losses and meet its obligations, thus ensuring financial stability.

The housing finance landscape in India shows clear regional disparities and institutional preferences. Maharashtra leads by a wide margin with over ₹7.5 lakh crore in total housing loans, followed by Karnataka (₹3.6 lakh crore) and Tamil Nadu (₹2.74 lakh crore). These three states together contribute nearly one-third of the total housing finance market, reflecting strong urbanization, higher property demand, and financial penetration. \n States like Uttar Pradesh (₹2.2 lakh crore) and Rajasthan (₹1.36 lakh crore) show a balanced share between Public Sector Banks (PSBs) and Private Sector Banks (PVBs). However, in Delhi (₹1.19 lakh crore), private and public banks dominate completely, with no role for RRBs. \n Despite large populations, Bihar (₹38k crore), Jharkhand (₹18k crore), and Odisha (₹34k crore) remain relatively underpenetrated in terms of housing finance. The North-East (Assam, Tripura, Mizoram, etc.) shows very small loan volumes, often below ₹5,000 crore, highlighting low credit access and housing demand in these regions. \n Telangana (₹2.83 lakh crore), Andhra Pradesh (₹1.48 lakh crore), and Kerala (₹1.28 lakh crore) show high housing loan volumes, though Kerala’s heavy dependence on PSBs vs Telangana’s stronger Private Bank presence reflects different financing patterns. Puducherry and Andaman-Nicobar remain marginal contributors. \p Housing Finance Companies (HFCs) play a strong role in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, reflecting higher competition with banks. Public Sector Banks (PSBs) dominate in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, and Assam, showing that government-backed institutions remain key in less financially developed states. Private Sector Banks (PVBs) have gained strong market share in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana, suggesting urban customers prefer faster, flexible financing. Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) have a niche but crucial role in states like Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, and Kerala, supporting semi-urban and rural housing demand.

Individual Intraday Traders compared to all Individuals in the cash Segment

Below is the infusion of capital by Government in Public Sector Bank. Last infusion was in FY2021-22

Bank Name	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	2015-16	2016-17	2017-18	2018-19	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22
Allahabad Bank (Merged with Indian Bank)	0	400	320	973	451	1500	11740	2153	-	-
Andhra Bank (Merged with Union Bank of India)	0	200	120	378	1100	1890	5275	200	-	-
Bank of Baroda	850	550	1260	1786	0	5375	5042	7000	-	-
Bank of India	809	1000	0	3605	2838	9232	14724	0	3000	-
Bank of Maharashtra	406	800	0	394	300	3173	4703	831	-	-
Canara Bank	0	500	570	947	745	4865	0	6571	-	-
Central Bank of India	2406	1800	0	535	1397	5158	6592	3353	4800	-
Corporation Bank (Merged with Union Bank of India)	204	450	0	857	508	2187	11641	0	-	-
Dena Bank (Merged with Bank of Baroda)	0	700	140	407	1046	3045	0	0	-	-
Indian Bank	0	0	280	0	0	0	0	2534	-	-
Indian Overseas Bank	1000	1200	0	2009	2651	4694	5963	8217	4100	-
Oriental Bank of Commerce (Merged with Punjab National Bank)	0	150	0	300	0	3571	6686	0	-	-
Punjab National Bank	1248	500	870	1732	2112	5473	14155	16091	-	-
Punjab & Sind Bank	140	100	0	0	0	785	0	787	5500	4600
Syndicate Bank (Merged with Canara Bank)	0	200	460	740	776	2839	3963	0	-	-
State Bank of India	3004	2000	2970	5393	5681	8800	0	0	-	-
UCO Bank	681	200	0	935	1925	6507	6406	4272	2600	-
Union Bank of India	1114	500	0	1080	541	4524	4112	11768	-	-
United Bank of India (Merged with Punjab National Bank)	100	700	0	480	1026	2634	4998	1666	-	-
Vijaya Bank (Merged with Bank of Baroda)	0	250	0	220	0	1277	0	0	-	-
Bharatiya Mahila Bank (Merged with State Bank of India)	0	1000	0	0	0	0	0	0	-	-
IDBI Bank (now privatized)	555	1800	0	2229	1900	12471	0	4557	-	-
Total	12517	15000	6990	25000	24997	90000	106000	70000	20000	4600

Government Capital Infusion In Public Sector Banks

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Data Set - Banking |

Author/Publisher - Govt. of India |

Source Data

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